Isaca CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set 6 Q76-90
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Question 76
Which control is most effective for ensuring that cloud-based applications are configured securely and remain compliant with organizational policies?
A) Implementing cloud security posture management with continuous monitoring, automated alerts, and policy enforcement
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing cloud security posture management with continuous monitoring, automated alerts, and policy enforcement is the most effective control for ensuring that cloud-based applications are configured securely and remain compliant with organizational policies. Cloud environments offer flexibility, scalability, and rapid deployment, but their dynamic nature introduces risks such as misconfigurations, over-privileged access, data exposure, and compliance violations. Cloud security posture management (CSPM) tools continuously assess cloud resources and configurations against security best practices, organizational policies, and regulatory requirements. Continuous monitoring enables real-time detection of misconfigurations, unauthorized changes, or deviations from security standards. Automated alerts notify administrators of potential risks, allowing prompt corrective action. Policy enforcement ensures that cloud configurations adhere to predefined standards, including access controls, encryption requirements, network segmentation, and logging. Auditors can review CSPM logs, alerts, and compliance reports to verify that cloud-based applications remain secure, configurations are consistent with organizational requirements, and corrective actions are implemented. This approach provides preventive assurance by enforcing secure configurations and detective assurance by identifying deviations or risks before they result in a security incident. CSPM also supports regulatory compliance, risk management, and operational resilience, ensuring that organizations can leverage cloud capabilities securely. Effective implementation reduces the risk of data breaches, service disruptions, and non-compliance with frameworks such as ISO 27017, SOC 2, PCI DSS, and GDPR.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While operationally useful, network monitoring does not enforce secure cloud configurations or verify compliance with organizational policies. Bandwidth metrics provide insight into network performance but cannot detect misconfigurations, unauthorized changes, or policy violations.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus solutions are important for endpoint security, but do not monitor or enforce cloud application configurations. Malware protection complements security measures but cannot verify adherence to policies or identify misconfigurations in cloud deployments.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates employees on cloud usage, security policies, and safe practices. Awareness reduces accidental errors and improves security hygiene, but cannot technically enforce secure configurations or provide continuous monitoring. Training alone does not guarantee compliance or mitigate cloud-specific risks.
By implementing cloud security posture management with continuous monitoring, automated alerts, and policy enforcement, organizations ensure that cloud-based applications are configured securely, access controls are appropriate, encryption is applied correctly, and logs are maintained. Auditors can verify compliance by reviewing CSPM reports and logs, evaluating the effectiveness of automated alerts, and assessing how policy enforcement prevents misconfigurations. Regular reviews and updates of policies and monitoring procedures ensure that cloud security measures remain effective against evolving threats and changing cloud services. Integrating CSPM with broader governance, risk management, and compliance frameworks allows organizations to maintain operational resilience, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder trust. The combination of preventive controls, continuous monitoring, and detective mechanisms reduces exposure to security risks while supporting business agility and cloud adoption strategies. Implementing cloud security posture management with continuous monitoring, automated alerts, and policy enforcement is the most effective control for ensuring secure and compliant cloud-based applications. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not enforce secure configurations or compliance in cloud environments. CSPM provides preventive and detective assurance, mitigates risk, and ensures that cloud deployments adhere to organizational policies and regulatory requirements.
Question 77
Which audit procedure is most effective for verifying that multi-factor authentication (MFA) is implemented correctly for critical systems?
A) Reviewing MFA policies, configuration settings, authentication logs, and testing access controls
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reviewing MFA policies, configuration settings, authentication logs, and testing access controls is the most effective audit procedure for verifying that multi-factor authentication is implemented correctly for critical systems. Multi-factor authentication strengthens security by requiring users to provide two or more forms of verification before gaining access to sensitive systems or data. This significantly reduces the risk of unauthorized access due to compromised passwords or stolen credentials. MFA policies define which systems require MFA, acceptable authentication factors, enrollment procedures, and enforcement mechanisms. Configuration settings ensure that MFA is enabled, properly integrated with identity and access management systems, and configured to prevent bypass. Authentication logs capture successful and failed login attempts, changes to MFA settings, and unusual access patterns, allowing auditors to detect misconfigurations, anomalies, or potential security incidents. Testing access controls ensures that MFA functions as intended, preventing unauthorized access while maintaining legitimate user access. This audit procedure provides preventive assurance by confirming that MFA is correctly implemented and detective assurance by enabling the detection of misconfigurations, failed authentication attempts, or attempts to bypass controls. Effective MFA implementation aligns with regulatory requirements such as PCI DSS, HIPAA, ISO 27001, and NIST guidelines, enhancing overall security posture and reducing the likelihood of breaches. Documentation of policies, logs, and test results provides evidence of due diligence and compliance for auditors and management.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While operationally important, network monitoring does not verify the proper implementation of MFA or ensure that critical systems are protected against unauthorized access. Bandwidth metrics cannot detect misconfigurations, policy violations, or failed authentication attempts.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Endpoint protection is essential for maintaining security but does not confirm the presence or effectiveness of MFA for critical systems. Antivirus solutions complement authentication security but cannot enforce multi-factor access controls.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates users about MFA, strong password usage, phishing risks, and security policies. Awareness reduces the likelihood of credential compromise but does not technically enforce MFA or verify its implementation. Training alone cannot provide assurance that MFA controls are operational or effective.
By reviewing MFA policies, configuration settings, authentication logs, and testing access controls, auditors can ensure that critical systems are protected from unauthorized access and that MFA is properly enforced. Continuous monitoring and periodic testing allow organizations to identify and remediate misconfigurations, failed authentication attempts, or potential security weaknesses. This approach supports regulatory compliance, operational security, and risk management objectives while maintaining user accountability and visibility. Integration of MFA with identity management systems and access control policies strengthens overall security and ensures consistency across critical applications.
Reviewing MFA policies, configuration settings, authentication logs, and testing access controls is the most effective audit procedure for verifying correct implementation of multi-factor authentication. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not technically enforce MFA. Proper MFA audit and testing provide preventive and detective assurance, enhance security, mitigate unauthorized access, and support compliance with regulatory and industry standards.
Question 78
Which control is most effective for ensuring that sensitive files stored on removable media are protected from unauthorized access or loss?
A) Implementing encryption, access controls, and centralized logging for removable media usage
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing encryption, access controls, and centralized logging for removable media usage is the most effective control for ensuring that sensitive files stored on removable media are protected from unauthorized access or loss. Removable media, including USB drives, external hard drives, and optical discs, present significant risks such as data theft, accidental loss, malware introduction, and unauthorized sharing of sensitive information. Encryption ensures that data on removable media is unreadable without proper decryption credentials, protecting the confidentiality and integrity of sensitive files. Access controls restrict who can read, write, or modify files on removable media, enforcing the principle of least privilege and preventing unauthorized use. Centralized logging tracks the usage of removable media, recording when data is copied, moved, or accessed, and by whom. This enables auditing, anomaly detection, and forensic analysis in the event of a security incident. Auditors can review encryption configurations, access permissions, and logs to verify that removable media is managed securely, and that policies are being enforced. This approach provides preventive assurance by controlling access and protecting data and detective assurance by enabling identification and investigation of unauthorized activity. Effective implementation ensures compliance with regulatory frameworks such as GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, and ISO 27001, mitigating the risk of sensitive data exposure or breach. Regular review of policies, logs, and encryption keys ensures that protections remain effective against evolving threats and organizational changes.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While useful for operational insight, network monitoring does not secure files on removable media or prevent unauthorized access. Bandwidth metrics cannot verify encryption, access control enforcement, or log activity related to removable media.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus solutions help maintain device integrity but do not enforce encryption, access controls, or logging for removable media. Malware prevention complements security but cannot provide assurance of data protection or regulatory compliance for removable storage.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates users about safe handling, encryption, and organizational policies regarding removable media. Awareness reduces accidental misuse and improves security behavior, but it cannot technically enforce access restrictions, encryption, or centralized monitoring. Training alone is insufficient to prevent unauthorized access or data loss.
By implementing encryption, access controls, and centralized logging, organizations ensure that sensitive data stored on removable media remains protected from unauthorized access, loss, or tampering. Auditors can verify policy adherence, examine logs for anomalies, and review encryption practices to ensure compliance with security standards. Centralized logging and access control also enable timely detection of misuse and support forensic investigations, incident response, and regulatory reporting. Policies should be periodically updated and aligned with organizational risk assessments to maintain effectiveness against evolving threats. The combination of preventive and detective controls provides a comprehensive strategy for managing risks associated with removable media and protecting organizational data.
Implementing encryption, access controls, and centralized logging for removable media usage is the most effective control for safeguarding sensitive files. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not enforce access restrictions or encryption for removable storage. This approach provides preventive and detective assurance, mitigates data loss, and ensures compliance with organizational policies and regulatory requirements.
Question 79
Which control is most effective for ensuring that audit trails are protected against unauthorized modification or deletion?
A) Implementing secure logging mechanisms with write-once storage, access controls, and regular backup
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing secure logging mechanisms with write-once storage, access controls, and regular backup is the most effective control for ensuring that audit trails are protected against unauthorized modification or deletion. Audit trails provide a chronological record of system activities, including user actions, administrative changes, and security events, which are essential for forensic investigations, regulatory compliance, and operational monitoring. Write-once storage, such as WORM (write-once read-many) media, prevents alteration or deletion of log entries once they are created. Access controls ensure that only authorized personnel can view or manage logs, reducing the risk of tampering. Regular backups of logs protect against accidental loss due to hardware failure, software errors, or malicious activity. Auditors can review log configurations, access records, and backup procedures to verify that audit trails are secure, complete, and reliable. This approach provides preventive assurance by preventing unauthorized changes and detective assurance by maintaining verifiable records for analysis. Securing audit trails supports compliance with regulatory frameworks such as PCI DSS, ISO 27001, HIPAA, and SOX, which require organizations to maintain reliable logs for accountability and reporting purposes. Proper logging also enables timely detection of security incidents, unusual system activity, or operational issues, allowing organizations to respond proactively. By integrating secure logging mechanisms with monitoring, access control, and backup procedures, organizations ensure that audit trails maintain integrity, support investigations, and provide evidence for internal and external audits.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While useful for operational performance monitoring, bandwidth analysis does not protect the integrity or availability of audit trails. It cannot prevent unauthorized modification, deletion, or tampering of logs, nor provide verifiable audit evidence.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. While essential for device security, antivirus scanning does not ensure that audit logs are tamper-proof or that access to them is appropriately controlled. Malware protection complements logging but cannot replace secure logging mechanisms or access controls.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates employees about policies, acceptable use, and the importance of maintaining log integrity. Awareness reduces accidental errors but does not technically enforce secure logging, access control, or backup procedures. Training alone cannot prevent unauthorized log modification or deletion.
By implementing secure logging mechanisms with write-once storage, access controls, and regular backups, organizations can maintain the integrity, availability, and reliability of audit trails. Auditors can examine system configurations, review access records, and test the effectiveness of log backups to verify compliance with policies and regulations. Continuous monitoring and periodic review of logging processes ensure that potential risks are detected early, maintaining operational security and accountability. Secure audit trails also support incident response, forensic analysis, and risk management, providing management and regulators with confidence in the reliability of recorded system activities. Organizations that implement these controls reduce the risk of tampering, support regulatory requirements, and enhance overall governance and oversight.
Implementing secure logging mechanisms with write-once storage, access controls, and regular backups is the most effective control for protecting audit trails against unauthorized modification or deletion. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not safeguard the integrity or availability of logs. Secure logging provides preventive and detective assurance, enables compliance, and supports operational accountability.
Question 80
Which audit procedure is most effective for verifying that backup and recovery processes are functioning as intended?
A) Reviewing backup policies, performing restore tests, and analyzing backup logs
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reviewing backup policies, performing restore tests, and analyzing backup logs is the most effective audit procedure for verifying that backup and recovery processes are functioning as intended. Backup and recovery processes are critical for maintaining business continuity, ensuring that data and systems can be restored in the event of hardware failures, software errors, cyberattacks, or natural disasters. Backup policies define the scope, frequency, retention periods, encryption, storage locations, and responsibilities for maintaining backups. By reviewing these policies, auditors can ensure that critical systems and data are included and that procedures align with organizational objectives and regulatory requirements. Performing restore tests validates that backups are functional, complete, and can be successfully restored within the defined recovery time objectives (RTO) and recovery point objectives (RPO). Testing reveals potential issues such as corrupted backup files, missing data, incorrect configurations, or procedural gaps. Analyzing backup logs provides evidence of completed backup operations, identifies failed attempts, and highlights anomalies requiring corrective action. This procedure provides preventive assurance by ensuring that processes are in place and functional, and detective assurance by identifying failures or deficiencies in backup operations. Effective backup and recovery procedures mitigate risks related to data loss, operational disruption, and regulatory non-compliance, supporting operational resilience and stakeholder confidence. Auditors can also verify that backup storage is secure, access is restricted, and encryption is applied to protect sensitive data. Regular review, testing, and documentation of backup and recovery activities enable continuous improvement, ensuring reliability and readiness for unforeseen events.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and data traffic patterns. While operationally useful for identifying performance bottlenecks, bandwidth monitoring does not verify the effectiveness of backup or recovery processes. Bandwidth metrics cannot confirm that backups are complete, recoverable, or properly stored.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. While essential for security, antivirus scanning does not provide assurance that backup and recovery processes are functional or effective. Malware protection complements backup procedures but cannot replace testing or verification of recoverability.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates employees about backup procedures, acceptable use, and data protection policies. Awareness reduces accidental errors and improves compliance but does not technically validate backup functionality or recovery processes. Training alone cannot ensure operational readiness or adherence to recovery objectives.
By reviewing backup policies, performing restore tests, and analyzing backup logs, auditors can verify that backup operations are complete, recoverable, and compliant with organizational requirements. Testing restores from backups enables identification of potential issues and ensures that data recovery can be executed within the expected timeframes. This procedure supports risk management, regulatory compliance, operational resilience, and business continuity. Regular auditing, documentation, and refinement of backup processes maintain reliability and alignment with evolving technology and organizational needs.
Reviewing backup policies, performing restore tests, and analyzing backup logs is the most effective audit procedure for verifying functional backup and recovery processes. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not confirm the effectiveness of backup and recovery. This audit approach provides preventive and detective assurance, reduces operational risk, and supports business continuity and regulatory compliance.
Question 81
Which control is most effective for ensuring that sensitive data stored in databases is protected against unauthorized access?
A) Implementing database encryption, access controls, auditing, and regular security reviews
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing database encryption, access controls, auditing, and regular security reviews is the most effective control for ensuring that sensitive data stored in databases is protected against unauthorized access. Databases often contain critical information such as personal data, financial records, intellectual property, or confidential business information. Unauthorized access, modification, or disclosure of this data can lead to financial loss, reputational damage, regulatory penalties, or operational disruption. Database encryption ensures that data at rest is unreadable without proper decryption credentials, protecting confidentiality even if physical storage or backups are compromised. Access controls restrict user privileges based on roles, responsibilities, and the principle of least privilege, ensuring that only authorized individuals can access or modify sensitive information. Auditing and logging capture database activities, including queries, modifications, user logins, and permission changes, providing evidence for compliance, anomaly detection, and forensic investigation. Regular security reviews assess configurations, privileges, and logs to identify potential vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or policy violations. This combination of preventive and detective controls strengthens the security of database systems, ensures compliance with regulatory frameworks such as GDPR, HIPAA, PCI DSS, and ISO 27001, and reduces the risk of insider threats, external attacks, or inadvertent errors. Auditors can review encryption settings, access permissions, logs, and security review reports to verify that sensitive data is adequately protected and that corrective actions are implemented where necessary.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While it may reveal unusual traffic that could indicate compromise, it does not enforce access restrictions or protect the confidentiality of data stored in databases. Bandwidth metrics alone cannot prevent unauthorized database access or provide comprehensive audit evidence.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Endpoint security complements database protection but cannot enforce encryption, access controls, or auditing within the database itself. Antivirus alone does not provide assurance that database data is secure or compliant with policies.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates employees on data protection policies, secure handling of information, and access responsibilities. Awareness reduces human error and insider risk but cannot technically enforce access controls, encryption, or auditing within databases. Training alone cannot ensure the integrity, confidentiality, or security of stored data.
By implementing database encryption, access controls, auditing, and regular security reviews, organizations ensure that sensitive data is protected against unauthorized access, tampering, or disclosure. Auditors can evaluate the effectiveness of these controls, verify compliance, and recommend improvements where gaps are identified. Regular reviews, updates, and testing maintain security against evolving threats and changing organizational requirements, ensuring operational integrity and regulatory compliance.
Implementing database encryption, access controls, auditing, and regular security reviews is the most effective control for protecting sensitive database information. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support security objectives but do not directly enforce database security. The combined approach provides preventive and detective assurance, mitigates risks, and ensures regulatory compliance and operational resilience.
Question 82
Which control is most effective for ensuring that privileged accounts are used appropriately and monitored for misuse?
A) Implementing privileged access management (PAM) with access controls, session recording, and periodic review
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing privileged access management with access controls, session recording, and periodic review is the most effective control for ensuring that privileged accounts are used appropriately and monitored for misuse. Privileged accounts, including administrator, root, and superuser accounts, provide elevated access that can bypass normal security restrictions and affect critical systems, applications, and data. Misuse of these accounts can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, system downtime, or compliance violations. Privileged access management solutions enforce strict access controls by granting elevated permissions only to authorized personnel based on roles and responsibilities. Session recording captures all actions performed during privileged sessions, providing a detailed audit trail for review and investigation. Periodic review of privileged accounts and access activities ensures that permissions remain appropriate, dormant accounts are deactivated, and any anomalies are identified promptly. Auditors can review session recordings, access logs, and periodic access reviews to verify compliance with policies, regulatory requirements, and best practices. This approach provides preventive assurance by enforcing proper use of privileged accounts and detective assurance by monitoring for unauthorized or suspicious activity. PAM also supports regulatory compliance, including PCI DSS, ISO 27001, HIPAA, and SOX, by ensuring accountability, traceability, and effective control over high-risk access. Proper implementation reduces the risk of insider threats, privilege escalation, and operational disruptions while maintaining oversight and auditability of sensitive systems.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While useful for detecting unusual network behavior or performance issues, bandwidth monitoring does not enforce controls on privileged account usage or provide session-level visibility. It cannot prevent or detect unauthorized actions taken by privileged users.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. While essential for maintaining system integrity, antivirus protection does not enforce access control, monitor privileged account activity, or provide auditable evidence of session usage. Malware prevention complements PAM but cannot replace it.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates users about appropriate privileged account usage, policy compliance, and security responsibilities. Awareness reduces the likelihood of accidental misuse but cannot technically enforce access restrictions, record sessions, or detect unauthorized actions. Training alone does not provide preventive or detective assurance for privileged account activities.
By implementing privileged access management with access controls, session recording, and periodic review, organizations can ensure that elevated accounts are used appropriately, monitored for anomalies, and aligned with operational and regulatory requirements. Auditors can review session recordings, access logs, and remediation actions to confirm effectiveness. Regular updates, access reviews, and monitoring of privileged accounts maintain accountability, reduce risk, and strengthen security governance. PAM also supports forensic investigations, compliance reporting, and risk management by providing verifiable evidence of controlled privileged access.
Implementing privileged access management with access controls, session recording, and periodic review is the most effective control for ensuring appropriate use and monitoring of privileged accounts. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational and security objectives but do not enforce or monitor privileged access. PAM provides preventive and detective assurance, reduces risk, ensures compliance, and enhances accountability and governance.
Question 83
Which audit procedure is most effective for verifying that mobile application security controls are functioning properly?
A) Reviewing application security policies, performing penetration tests, and analyzing security logs
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reviewing application security policies, performing penetration tests, and analyzing security logs is the most effective audit procedure for verifying that mobile application security controls are functioning properly. Mobile applications often process sensitive data, access corporate systems, and interact with third-party services. Without robust security controls, these applications are vulnerable to threats such as data leakage, unauthorized access, insecure data storage, and exploitation of coding flaws. Reviewing application security policies ensures that organizational standards, regulatory requirements, and best practices are defined for secure development, testing, deployment, and maintenance of mobile applications. Penetration tests simulate attacks on mobile applications to identify vulnerabilities such as input validation weaknesses, broken authentication, insecure communication, and insufficient encryption. Security logs capture application events, errors, access attempts, and unusual behavior, providing evidence for monitoring, auditing, and incident response. This audit procedure provides preventive assurance by ensuring that security controls are defined, implemented, and tested, and detective assurance by identifying weaknesses or incidents that require remediation. Effective mobile application security reduces risks associated with data breaches, regulatory non-compliance, and reputational damage. Auditors can analyze policies, penetration test reports, and security logs to verify compliance, validate controls, and recommend improvements. Regular review and testing help organizations adapt to evolving threats, emerging technologies, and changing regulatory requirements, maintaining operational resilience and security posture.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While network monitoring may detect abnormal traffic indicative of attacks, it does not directly validate the security of mobile application controls or ensure proper implementation of secure coding practices. Bandwidth metrics alone cannot identify vulnerabilities or configuration issues within mobile applications.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. While antivirus solutions maintain device integrity, they do not verify the effectiveness of mobile application security controls, prevent application-specific vulnerabilities, or detect insecure coding practices. Endpoint protection complements application security but cannot replace review, testing, or log analysis.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates employees about safe mobile application usage, security policies, and acceptable practices. Awareness reduces the risk of human error and accidental exposure of data, but it does not technically enforce or validate mobile application security controls. Training alone cannot detect vulnerabilities, configuration issues, or insecure application behavior.
By reviewing application security policies, performing penetration tests, and analyzing security logs, auditors can ensure that mobile applications are developed and maintained securely, vulnerabilities are identified and remediated, and access and data flows are monitored effectively. This integrated approach provides preventive and detective assurance, enhances operational security, supports regulatory compliance, and protects organizational and user data. Auditors can also verify remediation of identified issues, ensuring continuous improvement in application security. Regular evaluation ensures that mobile applications remain resilient against evolving threats, secure in design and operation, and aligned with organizational security objectives.
reviewing application security policies, performing penetration tests, and analyzing security logs is the most effective audit procedure for verifying the functionality of mobile application security controls. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not validate application-specific security. Comprehensive review, testing, and log analysis provide preventive and detective assurance, reduce risk, and maintain secure and compliant mobile application environments.
Question 84
Which control is most effective for ensuring that business continuity plans are current and operational?
A) Conducting regular business continuity exercises, plan reviews, and updates based on lessons learned
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Conducting regular business continuity exercises, plan reviews, and updates based on lessons learned is the most effective control for ensuring that business continuity plans are current and operational. Business continuity plans (BCPs) provide a structured approach for maintaining critical operations during disruptions such as natural disasters, cyberattacks, system failures, or other emergencies. Plans are only effective if they are actively maintained, regularly tested, and updated to reflect changes in technology, organizational structure, regulatory requirements, and business processes. Conducting exercises, including tabletop simulations, full-scale tests, and scenario-based drills, allows personnel to practice procedures, verify the effectiveness of recovery strategies, and identify gaps or weaknesses. Plan reviews ensure that contact lists, resource allocations, recovery procedures, and communication protocols remain accurate and relevant. Lessons learned from exercises, incidents, or audits should inform updates to the plan, improving effectiveness and responsiveness. This approach provides preventive assurance by preparing the organization to handle disruptions and detective assurance by identifying deficiencies or weaknesses in plans, procedures, and training. Auditors can review documentation of exercises, incident responses, plan updates, and remediation actions to verify operational readiness and compliance with standards such as ISO 22301, ISO 27031, and regulatory requirements. Regular testing and review maintain operational resilience, reduce downtime, protect revenue, and safeguard reputation. BCP exercises also promote awareness, accountability, and coordination among departments, ensuring that roles and responsibilities are understood and executed effectively during emergencies.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic performance. While helpful for operational insight, it does not ensure that business continuity plans are current, effective, or actionable during disruptions. Bandwidth metrics cannot validate the readiness or execution of recovery procedures.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus solutions support IT security but do not verify that continuity plans, procedures, or recovery processes are operational and effective. Malware protection complements continuity but cannot ensure readiness or compliance of BCPs.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates staff on policies, emergency procedures, and business continuity concepts. Awareness increases preparedness and reduces human error but cannot verify that plans are operational, tested, or updated based on lessons learned. Training alone does not provide preventive or detective assurance of plan effectiveness.
By conducting regular business continuity exercises, reviewing and updating plans based on lessons learned, organizations can ensure that critical operations are maintained during disruptions. Auditors can evaluate the results of exercises, review plan updates, and confirm corrective actions to validate operational readiness. This integrated approach ensures resilience, regulatory compliance, and stakeholder confidence while improving preparedness for a wide range of potential incidents. Continuous testing, review, and refinement enhance reliability, maintain operational stability, and support organizational objectives in dynamic risk environments.
conducting regular business continuity exercises, plan reviews, and updates based on lessons learned is the most effective control for ensuring BCPs are current and operational. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not guarantee functional, tested, and updated continuity plans. Regular testing, review, and updates provide preventive and detective assurance, maintain organizational resilience, and support regulatory compliance.
Question 85
Which control is most effective for ensuring that software development projects adhere to organizational security standards?
A) Implementing secure software development lifecycle (SDLC) practices with code reviews, security testing, and approval gates
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing secure software development lifecycle practices with code reviews, security testing, and approval gates is the most effective control for ensuring that software development projects adhere to organizational security standards. Software development projects are inherently complex and involve numerous stages, including requirements gathering, design, coding, testing, deployment, and maintenance. Without formal security controls integrated throughout the lifecycle, vulnerabilities such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting, buffer overflows, or misconfigurations may be introduced, leaving applications and systems exposed to attacks. Secure SDLC practices embed security requirements and checkpoints into each phase of development. Code reviews involve peer or automated evaluation of source code to detect security flaws, adherence to coding standards, and compliance with organizational policies. Security testing, including static and dynamic application testing, penetration testing, and vulnerability scanning, identifies weaknesses before deployment. Approval gates ensure that software cannot progress to subsequent stages or production unless security criteria are met. This approach provides preventive assurance by incorporating security controls into development processes and detective assurance by detecting and addressing vulnerabilities early. Auditors can review SDLC documentation, code review reports, test results, and approval logs to verify compliance with security standards and organizational policies. Implementing a secure SDLC reduces operational risk, prevents data breaches, supports regulatory compliance such as PCI DSS, ISO 27001, or HIPAA, and ensures that applications meet both functional and security requirements. Continuous monitoring, training of development staff, and updates to SDLC practices based on emerging threats help maintain secure software development environments.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While useful for network performance, bandwidth monitoring does not ensure that development processes incorporate security or that software adheres to organizational security standards. Network metrics cannot identify insecure coding practices, misconfigurations, or compliance with development policies.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Endpoint security is essential for system integrity but does not verify that software is securely developed or that vulnerabilities are detected and remediated within development projects. Antivirus alone cannot enforce SDLC practices or provide audit evidence of secure development.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates developers on secure coding practices, organizational policies, and threat awareness. Training improves security hygiene and reduces human errors, but awareness alone does not enforce secure coding, review processes, or testing procedures. Training without process integration cannot guarantee adherence to security standards.
By implementing secure SDLC practices with code reviews, security testing, and approval gates, organizations ensure that software development projects produce secure, reliable, and compliant applications. Auditors can verify that security checkpoints are consistently applied, test results are documented, and approval gates prevent deployment of insecure software. Continuous improvement of SDLC processes, informed by incident analysis and threat intelligence, maintains alignment with evolving risks and regulatory requirements. Integrating secure SDLC practices also promotes accountability, reduces the likelihood of defects in production, and enhances stakeholder confidence in software quality.
implementing secure SDLC practices with code reviews, security testing, and approval gates is the most effective control for ensuring adherence to organizational security standards. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not verify secure development processes. Secure SDLC provides preventive and detective assurance, mitigates risk, ensures compliance, and promotes reliable software deployment.
Question 86
Which audit procedure is most effective for verifying that network segmentation controls are implemented correctly?
A) Reviewing network architecture diagrams, firewall rules, VLAN configurations, and conducting penetration tests
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reviewing network architecture diagrams, firewall rules, VLAN configurations, and conducting penetration tests is the most effective audit procedure for verifying that network segmentation controls are implemented correctly. Network segmentation is a critical security measure that separates networks or systems into isolated zones to prevent unauthorized access, contain attacks, and limit lateral movement by malicious actors. Proper segmentation reduces the potential impact of security incidents, enhances monitoring, and supports regulatory compliance. Reviewing network architecture diagrams provides an overview of how networks are structured, identifying segmentation boundaries, connectivity between zones, and potential weak points. Firewall rules enforce access restrictions between segments, controlling traffic based on source, destination, and protocol, preventing unauthorized communication between sensitive and less secure zones. VLAN configurations logically separate network traffic, ensuring that devices in one segment cannot access another without proper authorization. Penetration tests simulate attacks to validate that segmentation controls function as intended, identifying potential bypasses, misconfigurations, or policy gaps. This audit procedure provides preventive assurance by confirming that segmentation controls restrict unauthorized access and detective assurance by testing effectiveness and uncovering weaknesses. Auditors can analyze diagrams, review firewall and VLAN configurations, and evaluate penetration test results to confirm that segmentation controls align with security policies and organizational objectives. Effective network segmentation reduces risk exposure, limits the spread of malware, supports compliance with frameworks such as PCI DSS, ISO 27001, or NIST, and strengthens overall security posture. Continuous monitoring, updates, and review of segmentation controls ensure that security measures remain effective as the network evolves and threats change.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While it can detect unusual network activity or congestion, it does not confirm that segmentation controls are implemented correctly or that access restrictions are enforced. Bandwidth metrics cannot identify misconfigurations, improperly enforced firewall rules, or segmentation gaps.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus solutions help maintain endpoint security but do not verify the design, configuration, or effectiveness of network segmentation controls. Malware prevention complements segmentation but cannot replace testing or configuration review.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates personnel about network security, acceptable use, and access responsibilities. Awareness reduces the risk of accidental breaches or policy violations but cannot technically enforce segmentation or verify that controls are functioning. Training alone does not provide preventive or detective assurance for network design or enforcement.
By reviewing network architecture diagrams, firewall rules, VLAN configurations, and performing penetration tests, auditors can ensure that network segmentation is properly implemented, access restrictions are enforced, and security policies are met. This integrated approach provides both preventive and detective assurance, improves incident containment, and supports operational and regulatory compliance. Documentation, testing, and periodic review maintain segmentation effectiveness as the network evolves and as threats become more sophisticated. Effective network segmentation strengthens security posture, minimizes risk exposure, and enhances resilience against internal and external attacks.
reviewing network architecture diagrams, firewall rules, VLAN configurations, and conducting penetration tests is the most effective audit procedure for verifying correct implementation of network segmentation. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not validate segmentation controls. Comprehensive review and testing provide preventive and detective assurance, strengthen access control, and support compliance and risk management objectives.
Question 87
Which control is most effective for ensuring that changes to critical IT systems are properly authorized, tested, and documented?
A) Implementing a formal change management process with approval workflows, testing, and documentation
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing a formal change management process with approval workflows, testing, and documentation is the most effective control for ensuring that changes to critical IT systems are properly authorized, tested, and documented. Changes to IT systems, including software updates, configuration adjustments, hardware upgrades, and infrastructure modifications, can introduce operational, security, or compliance risks if not managed carefully. A formal change management process establishes structured procedures to plan, review, approve, test, and implement changes systematically. Approval workflows ensure that changes are reviewed by relevant stakeholders, including IT management, security personnel, and business owners, to verify alignment with organizational objectives and risk tolerance. Testing procedures validate that changes function as intended, do not disrupt other systems, and do not introduce vulnerabilities or performance issues. Documentation captures details of the change request, approvals, testing outcomes, implementation steps, and post-implementation review, providing an audit trail and accountability. This approach provides preventive assurance by enforcing proper authorization and testing before implementation and detective assurance by maintaining records that allow detection and investigation of unauthorized or problematic changes. Auditors can review change management policies, change request logs, approval records, and test reports to verify that changes are managed consistently, aligned with organizational objectives, and compliant with regulations such as ISO 27001, PCI DSS, or SOX. Effective change management reduces the likelihood of system downtime, service disruption, security breaches, or operational failures. Continuous monitoring, periodic audits, and updates to change management practices maintain effectiveness as technologies, business processes, and risk environments evolve.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While operationally useful, network monitoring does not ensure that IT system changes are properly authorized, tested, or documented. Bandwidth metrics cannot detect unapproved modifications, failed testing, or missing documentation.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects systems from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus protection maintains device integrity but does not enforce structured approval, testing, or documentation of system changes. Malware protection complements change management but cannot replace it.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates staff about change management policies, roles, and responsibilities. Awareness improves adherence to procedures but does not technically enforce approvals, testing, or documentation. Training alone cannot prevent unauthorized or poorly tested changes.
By implementing a formal change management process with approval workflows, testing, and documentation, organizations ensure that critical IT system changes are controlled, risks are mitigated, and accountability is maintained. Auditors can evaluate compliance, verify testing effectiveness, and assess corrective actions when deviations occur. Structured change management improves operational stability, reduces the risk of service disruption, and supports regulatory compliance. Continuous evaluation, testing, and documentation maintain control effectiveness and adaptability to changing business or technical environments.
implementing a formal change management process with approval workflows, testing, and documentation is the most effective control for ensuring controlled and auditable changes to critical IT systems. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support operational or security objectives but do not enforce controlled changes. Change management provides preventive and detective assurance, mitigates operational and security risks, and ensures regulatory compliance and accountability.
Question 88
Which control is most effective for ensuring that wireless networks are protected against unauthorized access?
A) Implementing WPA3 encryption, strong authentication, network segmentation, and monitoring
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing WPA3 encryption, strong authentication, network segmentation, and monitoring is the most effective control for ensuring that wireless networks are protected against unauthorized access. Wireless networks are inherently vulnerable due to their broadcast nature, allowing potential attackers within range to attempt access. WPA3 encryption provides robust cryptographic protection for data transmitted over wireless networks, ensuring confidentiality and integrity of communications. Strong authentication, such as enterprise-grade credentials combined with multi-factor authentication, ensures that only authorized users can connect to the wireless network. Network segmentation isolates wireless traffic from sensitive systems and data, reducing the potential impact of compromised wireless devices. Monitoring wireless network activity provides visibility into connected devices, unusual patterns, or unauthorized access attempts, enabling timely detection and response. This integrated approach provides preventive assurance by enforcing strong security configurations and detective assurance by identifying unauthorized activity or policy violations. Auditors can review encryption protocols, authentication logs, network segmentation configurations, and monitoring records to verify compliance with organizational security standards and regulatory requirements such as ISO 27001, PCI DSS, and NIST guidelines. Effective wireless security reduces the risk of data breaches, malware infiltration, and insider or external attacks. Continuous assessment of wireless controls, including testing encryption strength, reviewing logs, and validating segmentation, ensures that security measures remain effective as threats evolve. Wireless network security also supports operational reliability, safeguarding connectivity and protecting sensitive information from interception or compromise.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While useful for operational insight or detecting anomalies, bandwidth monitoring does not enforce encryption, authentication, or segmentation on wireless networks. It cannot prevent unauthorized connections or guarantee secure access.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus solutions help maintain device security but do not secure wireless network infrastructure, enforce encryption, or control access to the network. Endpoint protection complements wireless security but cannot replace preventive and detective controls at the network level.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates users on safe use of wireless networks, credential security, and organizational policies. Awareness reduces human error and accidental exposure but does not technically enforce encryption, authentication, or segmentation. Training alone cannot prevent unauthorized wireless access or ensure continuous monitoring.
By implementing WPA3 encryption, strong authentication, network segmentation, and monitoring, organizations ensure that wireless networks remain secure, resilient, and compliant. Auditors can validate that encryption standards are applied, access is appropriately restricted, segmentation controls are enforced, and monitoring detects unauthorized access. Regular updates, assessments, and testing maintain effectiveness against emerging threats and evolving organizational needs. This combination of controls provides comprehensive security, operational reliability, and regulatory compliance.
implementing WPA3 encryption, strong authentication, network segmentation, and monitoring is the most effective control for protecting wireless networks against unauthorized access. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support security objectives but do not enforce or verify secure wireless access. Comprehensive encryption, access control, segmentation, and monitoring provide preventive and detective assurance, reduce risk, and maintain network integrity.
Question 89
Which audit procedure is most effective for verifying that data classification and handling policies are properly enforced?
A) Reviewing classification policies, access controls, labeling, and monitoring compliance with handling procedures
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Reviewing classification policies, access controls, labeling, and monitoring compliance with handling procedures is the most effective audit procedure for verifying that data classification and handling policies are properly enforced. Data classification assigns categories such as public, internal, confidential, or highly sensitive to organizational data based on its sensitivity, regulatory requirements, and business impact. Handling policies define the procedures for storing, transmitting, sharing, and disposing of data according to its classification. Reviewing classification policies ensures that appropriate categories, criteria, and handling rules are defined and documented. Access controls enforce that only authorized personnel can access data according to its classification level, preventing unauthorized disclosure or modification. Labeling ensures that users are aware of the classification level and corresponding handling requirements. Monitoring compliance involves reviewing logs, audits, and reports to confirm that data handling procedures are being followed consistently. This approach provides preventive assurance by enforcing correct data handling practices and detective assurance by identifying instances of non-compliance or potential exposure. Auditors can examine documentation, access permissions, logs, and handling procedures to verify adherence to organizational policies and regulatory requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI DSS. Effective data classification and handling reduce the risk of breaches, unauthorized disclosure, operational disruptions, and regulatory penalties. Regular review and enforcement of classification policies, combined with monitoring and reporting, ensure that sensitive information remains protected while enabling business operations. Continuous improvement based on audit findings and risk assessment maintains the relevance and effectiveness of classification and handling controls. Proper implementation enhances accountability, user awareness, and governance over critical information assets.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While useful for network performance monitoring, bandwidth metrics do not provide assurance that data classification and handling policies are applied or enforced. Bandwidth analysis cannot verify access restrictions, labeling, or compliance with handling procedures.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Endpoint security is essential but does not validate that data is classified or handled according to organizational policies. Antivirus protection complements data security but cannot replace classification and handling controls.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates personnel on proper handling, classification categories, and policies. Awareness improves compliance and reduces accidental mishandling but does not technically enforce access controls, labeling, or monitoring. Training alone cannot verify consistent application of policies or detect violations.
By reviewing classification policies, access controls, labeling, and monitoring compliance with handling procedures, auditors ensure that data is protected according to sensitivity and regulatory requirements. This approach enables preventive and detective assurance, reduces the risk of unauthorized access or data loss, and strengthens governance over critical information. Regular monitoring, policy updates, and audits maintain control effectiveness and alignment with evolving business and regulatory requirements.
reviewing classification policies, access controls, labeling, and monitoring compliance is the most effective audit procedure for verifying proper enforcement of data classification and handling policies. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support security objectives but do not verify enforcement. Comprehensive review, monitoring, and enforcement provide preventive and detective assurance, protect sensitive information, and maintain regulatory compliance.
Question 90
Which control is most effective for ensuring that email systems are protected against phishing and malicious attachments?
A) Implementing email filtering, anti-phishing tools, attachment scanning, and user reporting mechanisms
B) Monitoring network bandwidth usage
C) Performing endpoint antivirus scans
D) Conducting annual security awareness training
Answer: A
Explanation:
Implementing email filtering, anti-phishing tools, attachment scanning, and user reporting mechanisms is the most effective control for ensuring that email systems are protected against phishing and malicious attachments. Email is a primary attack vector for cyber threats, including phishing, business email compromise, malware delivery, and ransomware attacks. Email filtering solutions block known malicious domains, URLs, and content based on threat intelligence and policy rules. Anti-phishing tools detect and quarantine suspicious emails, warn users about potentially fraudulent messages, and prevent credential theft. Attachment scanning inspects files for malware, viruses, or ransomware before delivery, reducing the risk of infection. User reporting mechanisms allow recipients to flag suspicious emails for investigation, providing feedback for continuous improvement and enabling rapid response to emerging threats. This integrated approach provides preventive assurance by blocking threats before they reach users and detective assurance by enabling monitoring, reporting, and analysis of attempted attacks. Auditors can review filtering configurations, anti-phishing reports, scanning logs, and user-reported incidents to verify compliance with organizational policies and regulatory requirements such as GDPR, HIPAA, or ISO 27001. Implementing layered email security reduces the likelihood of successful attacks, protects sensitive information, maintains business continuity, and supports risk management objectives. Continuous monitoring, updates, and threat intelligence integration ensure that email security remains effective against evolving phishing techniques, malware variants, and social engineering attacks. User reporting mechanisms also support security awareness, accountability, and rapid incident response, enhancing overall organizational resilience.
Monitoring network bandwidth usage evaluates throughput, latency, and traffic patterns. While operationally useful, bandwidth monitoring cannot block or detect phishing emails or malicious attachments. It does not provide preventive or detective assurance specific to email threats.
Performing endpoint antivirus scans protects devices from malware, ransomware, and viruses. Antivirus solutions help detect threats after delivery, but do not prevent phishing attacks or malicious attachments from reaching users. Endpoint protection complements email security but cannot replace filtering and anti-phishing controls.
Conducting annual security awareness training educates users about phishing recognition, suspicious attachments, and reporting procedures. Awareness reduces risk from human error but cannot technically block threats, scan attachments, or provide automated preventive measures. Training alone is insufficient to protect email systems comprehensively.
By implementing email filtering, anti-phishing tools, attachment scanning, and user reporting mechanisms, organizations can prevent malicious emails from compromising systems, detect suspicious activity, and respond quickly to threats. Auditors can verify configurations, review logs, and assess reporting effectiveness to ensure email security controls operate as intended. Regular updates and integration with threat intelligence maintain protection against evolving threats, minimizing risk and supporting regulatory compliance.
Implementing email filtering, anti-phishing tools, attachment scanning, and user reporting mechanisms is the most effective control for protecting email systems against phishing and malicious attachments. Network monitoring, antivirus scanning, and awareness training support security objectives, but do not provide the same comprehensive preventive and detective assurance. Layered email security ensures resilience, compliance, and operational continuity while mitigating risks associated with email-borne threats.