Amazon AWS Certified DevOps Engineer — Professional DOP-C02 Exam Dumps and Practice Test Questions Set 9 Q121-135
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Question 121
A company runs multiple Amazon ECS services on Fargate. They want to ensure that all container images are scanned for vulnerabilities before deployment and that noncompliant images are automatically blocked. Which combination of AWS services provides this capability?
A) Amazon ECR image scanning + AWS CodePipeline
B) AWS Config + Lambda
C) Amazon S3 + Athena
D) AWS CloudTrail + CloudWatch
Answer: A) Amazon ECR image scanning + AWS CodePipeline
Explanation:
Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR) provides a fully managed container image registry that includes the ability to scan images for vulnerabilities using Amazon Inspector’s vulnerability definitions. Enhanced image scanning analyzes all layers of a Docker image and identifies potential security issues, including outdated packages, CVEs, and other common vulnerabilities. Images can be scanned automatically on push to the registry, ensuring early detection of security issues before deployment. Scan findings include severity levels and remediation guidance, which is essential for maintaining secure software delivery practices.
AWS CodePipeline is a fully managed continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) service that automates the process of building, testing, and deploying applications. By integrating ECR image scanning with CodePipeline, organizations can implement a policy that prevents deployment of container images that contain critical or high-severity vulnerabilities. During pipeline execution, CodePipeline can pull scan results from ECR, evaluate them against predefined security thresholds, and halt deployment if the image is noncompliant. This ensures that only secure and approved images reach ECS Fargate environments.
The combination of ECR and CodePipeline enables a fully automated, end-to-end workflow for container security. Developers push container images, the pipeline builds and tests the images, ECR scans them, and deployment is blocked if vulnerabilities are detected. Notifications and automated remediation steps can also be integrated, allowing teams to respond promptly to security findings. This approach minimizes risk, reduces manual intervention, and ensures compliance with internal security policies and external regulations.
AWS Config and Lambda focus on infrastructure configuration compliance and remediation. Config evaluates AWS resource settings against rules and detects configuration drift, while Lambda can be triggered to remediate noncompliant resources. However, this combination does not scan container images, enforce security policies in CI/CD pipelines, or prevent deployment of vulnerable images, making it unsuitable for this use case.
Amazon S3 and Athena provide storage and analytics capabilities. Logs or metadata about container images could be stored in S3 and queried using Athena. While this allows retrospective analysis, it does not provide real-time image scanning or automated deployment blocking, making it insufficient for proactive security enforcement.
AWS CloudTrail, combined with CloudWatch, enables auditing and monitoring of API calls and metrics. While CloudTrail can log events related to image pushes and deployments, and CloudWatch can trigger alerts based on metrics, they do not provide vulnerability scanning of container images or enforce automated deployment gates.
The combination of Amazon ECR image scanning with AWS CodePipeline ensures that every image is assessed for vulnerabilities before deployment, deployment of risky images is blocked, and development teams receive actionable information on any findings. This proactive approach integrates security into the software delivery lifecycle, improves operational efficiency, and reduces the risk of exposing critical services to compromised containers. It represents a fully managed, scalable, and automated solution to enforce container security and meets the company’s requirements effectively.
Question 122
A company runs a global web application and wants to ensure that users are routed to the lowest-latency AWS region. They also require automatic failover in case of regional outages and real-time monitoring of endpoint performance. Which AWS service combination should they implement?
A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
B) CloudFront + S3
C) Direct Connect + VPC Peering
D) Lambda + DynamoDB
Answer: A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
Explanation:
Amazon Route 53 provides latency-based routing, which directs user requests to the AWS region that offers the lowest network latency from their location. Multiple endpoints across different regions can be configured, and Route 53 continuously evaluates request origins to determine the optimal routing path. This ensures that global users experience minimal latency, improving application responsiveness and user experience. Latency-based routing is particularly beneficial for applications with users distributed worldwide, as it automatically directs them to the fastest available endpoint.
Health checks integrated with Route 53 continuously monitor the availability and responsiveness of each endpoint. If an endpoint becomes unhealthy due to failure, network issues, or degraded performance, Route 53 automatically reroutes traffic to a healthy region. This failover mechanism ensures high availability and business continuity without requiring manual intervention. Health checks can monitor HTTP/S responses, TCP ports, or even specific application-level response codes, providing flexibility and granular control over failover conditions.
CloudWatch complements Route 53 by providing real-time monitoring and metrics for endpoints and applications. Metrics such as latency, request rates, error responses, and throughput are collected and displayed in CloudWatch dashboards. CloudWatch alarms can notify operations teams when an endpoint becomes unhealthy or experiences unusual latency patterns. Integration with EventBridge enables automated workflows, such as scaling resources, triggering remediations, or sending alerts to on-call engineers. CloudWatch also allows historical performance analysis and trend monitoring to support proactive operational decision-making.
CloudFront with S3 accelerates the delivery of static content through edge caching but does not perform DNS-based latency routing or automatic failover across regions. While CloudFront optimizes performance for static assets, it does not monitor API endpoints or route requests dynamically based on regional latency.
Direct Connect with VPC Peering provides private network connectivity and improved performance between VPCs or on-premises networks, but it does not route user traffic globally, monitor endpoint health, or automatically failover between regions.
Lambda with DynamoDB enables serverless compute and NoSQL data storage but does not provide global routing, latency-based traffic optimization, or health monitoring for endpoints.
Combining Route 53 latency-based routing with health checks and CloudWatch provides a fully managed solution for directing users to the fastest healthy endpoint, automatically failing over when necessary, and monitoring endpoint performance in real time. Users receive the lowest latency experience, endpoints are continuously monitored for health, and operational teams have visibility and actionable insights. This integrated solution optimizes performance, reliability, and observability for global applications, making it the correct answer.
Question 123
A company uses AWS Lambda functions to process sensitive financial transactions. They want to ensure environment variables are encrypted, unauthorized code changes are prevented, and all actions are auditable. Which combination of AWS services should they use?
A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
B) Amazon S3 + Athena
C) CloudFront + WAF
D) QuickSight + CloudTrail
Answer: A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
Explanation:
AWS Config provides continuous monitoring and evaluation of AWS resources. For Lambda functions handling sensitive financial transactions, Config can enforce rules to ensure that all environment variables are encrypted using AWS Key Management Service (KMS). Noncompliant resources are flagged, and Config generates audit logs that capture resource changes, enabling organizations to maintain a detailed compliance trail. This continuous monitoring helps organizations meet regulatory and internal security requirements.
AWS Key Management Service (KMS) allows centralized creation and management of encryption keys. Environment variables in Lambda functions can be encrypted using KMS-managed keys, ensuring sensitive data is protected at rest. KMS logs all access and usage events in CloudTrail, providing a comprehensive audit trail for key management and usage. Only authorized principals can decrypt environment variables, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of financial transaction data. KMS also enables key rotation policies, which strengthen security posture by reducing the risk of key compromise.
Lambda allows role-based permissions to prevent unauthorized code modifications. By combining Lambda with Config and KMS, organizations create a multi-layered security approach. Config ensures compliance is continuously evaluated, KMS enforces encryption, and Lambda roles control access to function code. EventBridge or Systems Manager can trigger automated remediation workflows when violations are detected, such as re-encrypting environment variables or disabling noncompliant functions.
Amazon S3, combined with Athena, allows storage and querying of structured data. While useful for analytics or log queries, this combination does not enforce encryption for Lambda environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, or provide proactive auditing for compliance purposes.
CloudFront with WAF protects web applications from common attacks and enhances content delivery, but it does not enforce encryption, monitor Lambda configurations, or prevent unauthorized code modifications.
QuickSight with CloudTrail allows visualization and auditing. CloudTrail logs API activity, and QuickSight can analyze and display trends. However, this combination does not enforce security policies or prevent code changes automatically. It is primarily useful for post-event auditing rather than proactive compliance enforcement.
By combining AWS Config, Lambda, and KMS, organizations can ensure that sensitive financial data is encrypted, code integrity is maintained, and a complete audit trail exists. This solution enables continuous compliance monitoring, automated enforcement of security policies, and operational visibility, ensuring both regulatory compliance and operational security. The integration of these services provides a comprehensive, fully managed approach to secure, auditable, and compliant Lambda deployments, making it the correct solution.
Question 124
A company uses Amazon ECS with Fargate to run multiple microservices. They want to automatically detect when tasks exceed CPU or memory limits, trigger alerts, and scale the service dynamically. Which combination of AWS services should they implement?
A) CloudWatch metrics + ECS Service Auto Scaling
B) AWS Config + Lambda
C) S3 + Athena
D) AWS Backup + SNS
Answer: A) CloudWatch metrics + ECS Service Auto Scaling
Explanation:
Amazon CloudWatch provides detailed metrics for ECS Fargate tasks and services, including CPU utilization, memory consumption, running task counts, and service health. Monitoring CPU and memory usage is crucial to maintain application performance and prevent resource exhaustion. CloudWatch allows teams to define thresholds for these metrics, creating alarms that trigger notifications or automated responses when metrics exceed defined limits. For example, a sustained CPU utilization above 80% can trigger an alarm to notify operations teams that scaling actions may be necessary. CloudWatch dashboards provide visibility into real-time and historical trends, enabling proactive management of containerized workloads.
ECS Service Auto Scaling integrates directly with CloudWatch metrics to automatically adjust the number of running tasks in a service. Scaling policies define when to scale out or in based on monitored metrics. When CPU or memory usage exceeds defined thresholds, Auto Scaling launches additional tasks to handle increased load, maintaining application responsiveness. Conversely, during periods of low utilization, tasks can be terminated to reduce operational costs. This integration eliminates the need for manual intervention and ensures applications are resilient under varying workloads.
AWS Config, combined with Lambda, focuses on configuration compliance and remediation. Config can detect configuration drift or noncompliance, and Lambda can execute automated remediation. However, this combination does not provide runtime resource monitoring or automated scaling of ECS tasks based on CPU or memory utilization, making it unsuitable for dynamic workload scaling.
S3 with Athena provides storage and analytics capabilities. While ECS logs could be stored in S3 and queried with Athena, this is not a real-time monitoring solution. Athena allows retrospective analysis but does not trigger alerts or scaling actions based on resource utilization.
AWS Backup with SNS focuses on data protection and notifications. Backup ensures that resources are recoverable, and SNS can send alerts related to backup status. These services do not monitor ECS metrics, trigger alerts for high resource utilization, or scale containerized services automatically.
By combining CloudWatch metrics with ECS Service Auto Scaling, organizations gain a fully automated solution for monitoring and managing containerized workloads. CloudWatch ensures visibility into task performance and triggers alerts for anomalies, while Auto Scaling maintains application performance and optimizes resource utilization. This approach minimizes operational overhead, ensures application resilience, and provides cost-effective scaling, making it the correct solution.
Question 125
A global e-commerce company wants to route API requests to the AWS region with the lowest latency, automatically fail over if an endpoint becomes unhealthy, and monitor endpoint performance in real time. Which AWS service combination meets these requirements?
A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
B) CloudFront + S3
C) Direct Connect + VPC Peering
D) Lambda + DynamoDB
Answer: A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
Explanation:
Amazon Route 53 provides latency-based routing to direct user requests to the AWS region with the lowest network latency. Multiple endpoints across regions can be configured, and Route 53 continuously evaluates the origin of each request to determine the optimal routing path. This ensures global users experience minimal latency and improved performance. Latency-based routing is especially important for applications with users distributed worldwide, as it automatically directs requests to the fastest available endpoint, optimizing the user experience.
Health checks integrated with Route 53 monitor the availability and performance of endpoints continuously. If an endpoint becomes unhealthy due to failure, network issues, or degraded performance, Route 53 automatically routes traffic to a healthy endpoint. This failover mechanism ensures high availability and business continuity without manual intervention. Health checks can be configured to monitor HTTP/S responses, TCP ports, or application-specific response codes, providing granular control over failover behavior.
CloudWatch provides real-time monitoring of endpoint performance and operational metrics. Metrics such as latency, request rates, error rates, and throughput are captured and displayed on dashboards. CloudWatch alarms notify operations teams when endpoints become unhealthy or exhibit abnormal behavior. Integration with EventBridge enables automated workflows, such as scaling resources, triggering remediation steps, or notifying on-call personnel. CloudWatch dashboards also allow historical performance analysis, supporting proactive operational decisions.
CloudFront, combined with S3,3, accelerates the delivery of static content via edge caching, but it does not provide DNS-based latency routing or automated failover across regions. While CloudFront improves performance for static assets, it does not route dynamic API traffic based on latency or endpoint health.
Direct Connect with VPC Peering provides private network connectivity between on-premises networks and VPCs or between VPCs. While it can improve performance for private connectivity, it does not handle global routing of user requests, monitor endpoint health, or automatically fail over traffic between regions.
Lambda combined with DynamoDB provides serverless compute and storage, but it does not offer latency-based routing, automatic failover, or real-time endpoint monitoring.
By combining Route 53 latency-based routing, health checks, and CloudWatch, organizations achieve low-latency global traffic routing, automated failover, and operational observability. Users are directed to the fastest healthy endpoint, endpoints are continuously monitored, and operational teams receive real-time alerts and insights. This integrated solution optimizes performance, ensures high availability, and provides actionable visibility into endpoint health, making it the correct solution.
Question 126
A company uses AWS Lambda functions to process sensitive financial transactions. They want to enforce encryption of environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, and maintain an auditable compliance trail. Which combination of AWS services should they use?
A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
B) Amazon S3 + Athena
C) CloudFront + WAF
D) QuickSight + CloudTrail
Answer: A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
Explanation:
AWS Config provides continuous monitoring of AWS resources and evaluates them against predefined rules. For Lambda functions processing sensitive financial data, Config can enforce that environment variables are encrypted using AWS Key Management Service (KMS). If a Lambda function is noncompliant, Config flags it and logs the details, creating an auditable trail. Continuous monitoring ensures compliance with internal policies and regulatory requirements, providing visibility into changes and potential risks. Config enables organizations to maintain detailed records of resource configurations over time, allowing both proactive and retrospective compliance checks.
AWS Key Management Service (KMS) enables centralized creation and management of encryption keys. Encrypting Lambda environment variables using KMS ensures sensitive financial information is protected at rest. KMS logs all key usage in CloudTrail, providing an auditable record of decryption and access events. Only authorized principals can decrypt environment variables, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity. KMS also allows automated key rotation, further enhancing security.
Lambda provides role-based access control to prevent unauthorized code modifications. By combining Lambda with Config and KMS, organizations achieve a multi-layered security approach. Config monitors compliance, KMS enforces encryption, and Lambda roles control access to the code. EventBridge or Systems Manager can trigger automated remediation workflows when violations occur, such as re-encrypting environment variables or disabling noncompliant functions. This ensures continuous protection and compliance without manual intervention.
Amazon S3 and Athena are suitable for storing and querying structured data, but do not enforce encryption on Lambda environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, or provide proactive compliance monitoring.
CloudFront with WAF provides web application security and content delivery optimization, but does not manage Lambda function security, enforce encryption, or prevent code modifications.
QuickSight, combined with CloudTrail, allows visualization and auditing of events. CloudTrail logs API activity, and QuickSight provides dashboards for analysis. While useful for post-event auditing, this combination does not proactively enforce security policies or prevent unauthorized code changes, making it insufficient for sensitive financial workloads.
Combining AWS Config, Lambda, and KMS provides continuous compliance monitoring, enforced encryption, code integrity, and a complete audit trail. This integrated solution ensures sensitive financial transactions are protected, regulatory compliance is maintained, and operational visibility is achieved. The multi-layered approach minimizes risk, enhances security, and automates the enforcement of organizational policies, making it the correct solution.
Question 127
A company runs multiple containerized applications on Amazon ECS with Fargate. They want to ensure that every container image is scanned for vulnerabilities before deployment and that images with critical issues are automatically blocked from production. Which combination of AWS services provides this capability?
A) Amazon ECR image scanning + AWS CodePipeline
B) AWS Config + Lambda
C) Amazon S3 + Athena
D) AWS CloudTrail + CloudWatch
Answer: A) Amazon ECR image scanning + AWS CodePipeline
Explanation:
Amazon Elastic Container Registry (ECR) offers a fully managed container image registry with built-in vulnerability scanning powered by Amazon Inspector. Enhanced image scanning allows all layers of a container image to be analyzed for security issues, including known CVEs, outdated packages, and other vulnerabilities. When an image is pushed to ECR, scanning can be automatically triggered. Scan findings include severity levels, affected packages, and remediation suggestions. This early detection of vulnerabilities ensures that insecure images are identified before deployment, which is critical for maintaining application security.
AWS CodePipeline is a fully managed continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) service that automates building, testing, and deploying applications. Integrating ECR image scanning with CodePipeline allows organizations to enforce deployment policies. If an image contains critical or high-severity vulnerabilities, the pipeline can prevent it from being deployed to production. This integration ensures that only secure and compliant container images are deployed. The pipeline can also notify teams of scan results through SNS or other notification mechanisms, allowing immediate remediation.
Using this combination enables an automated end-to-end workflow for container security. Developers push images, the pipeline builds and tests them, ECR scans the images, and deployment is blocked if any vulnerabilities exceed policy thresholds. This approach minimizes human error, reduces operational risk, and maintains compliance with internal security policies or regulatory requirements.
AWS Config with Lambda is primarily used for configuration compliance and remediation. While Config can detect resource misconfigurations and Lambda can remediate them, this combination does not perform container image scanning or enforce CI/CD deployment policies. Therefore, it cannot ensure that vulnerable images are blocked before reaching production.
Amazon S3 and Athena provide storage and query capabilities for structured data. While container metadata or logs could be stored and analyzed using these services, they cannot perform vulnerability scanning or prevent noncompliant image deployment. They are useful for retrospective analysis but not for proactive security enforcement in CI/CD pipelines.
AWS CloudTrail and CloudWatch are primarily focused on auditing and monitoring. CloudTrail logs API activity, and CloudWatch monitors metrics and triggers alarms. While these services can provide insight into image pushes or deployment actions, they do not perform vulnerability scanning or enforce deployment blocking for noncompliant images.
The combination of ECR image scanning and CodePipeline ensures continuous security enforcement in the container lifecycle. Images are automatically scanned, deployment gates enforce policy compliance, and notifications allow rapid remediation. This integrated approach improves operational efficiency, reduces risk, and ensures that production workloads are secure, making it the correct solution.
Question 128
A global web application needs to route user traffic to the lowest-latency AWS region, automatically fail over if an endpoint is unhealthy, and monitor performance metrics in real time. Which AWS service combination meets these requirements?
A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
B) CloudFront + S3
C) Direct Connect + VPC Peering
D) Lambda + DynamoDB
Answer: A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
Explanation:
Amazon Route 53 provides latency-based routing to direct users to the AWS region that offers the lowest network latency from their location. Multiple endpoints across regions can be configured, and Route 53 evaluates the origin of user requests to determine the optimal routing path. This ensures minimal latency for global users, improving application responsiveness and user experience. Latency-based routing automatically adapts to user location and network conditions, making it ideal for global applications with distributed users.
Health checks integrated with Route 53 continuously monitor the availability and responsiveness of each endpoint. If an endpoint fails or its performance drops below defined thresholds, Route 53 automatically reroutes traffic to a healthy endpoint. This failover mechanism ensures high availability and business continuity without manual intervention. Health checks can monitor HTTP/S responses, TCP ports, or application-specific status codes, providing granular control over failover conditions.
CloudWatch complements Route 53 by providing real-time monitoring and metrics for endpoints and applications. Metrics such as latency, error rates, request counts, and throughput are captured and displayed in dashboards. CloudWatch alarms notify operations teams when endpoints become unhealthy or exhibit abnormal behavior. Integration with EventBridge allows automated remediation, such as scaling resources, sending notifications, or triggering operational workflows. Historical data in CloudWatch also supports trend analysis and proactive optimization.
CloudFront, combined with S3,3, accelerates static content delivery through edge caching but does not provide DNS-based routing based on latency or automated failover across regions. While CloudFront improves performance for static assets, it does not manage dynamic API traffic routing or monitor endpoint health in real time.
Direct Connect with VPC Peering enhances private network connectivity between on-premises environments and VPCs or between VPCs. However, it does not provide global user traffic routing, latency-based optimization, or automatic failover capabilities.
Lambda combined with DynamoDB enables serverless compute and NoSQL data storage, but does not provide latency-based routing, failover, or performance monitoring for globally distributed endpoints.
By combining Route 53 latency-based routing with health checks and CloudWatch, organizations achieve optimized traffic routing, automatic failover, and operational visibility. Users are directed to the fastest healthy endpoint, endpoints are continuously monitored, and operational teams can respond to issues in real time. This fully managed solution ensures high performance, availability, and observability, making it the correct answer.
Question 129
A company uses AWS Lambda functions to process sensitive financial transactions. They want to enforce encryption of environment variables, prevent unauthorized code modifications, and maintain an auditable compliance trail. Which AWS service combination meets these requirements?
A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
B) Amazon S3 + Athena
C) CloudFront + WAF
D) QuickSight + CloudTrail
Answer: A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
Explanation:
AWS Config provides continuous monitoring and evaluation of AWS resources against defined rules. For Lambda functions handling sensitive financial data, Config can ensure that environment variables are encrypted using AWS Key Management Service (KMS). When a Lambda function is noncompliant, Config flags it and logs the details, creating a fully auditable trail. Continuous monitoring ensures that security policies are enforced and regulatory compliance is maintained, providing operational visibility into changes and potential security risks.
AWS Key Management Service (KMS) allows centralized creation and management of encryption keys. Environment variables in Lambda functions can be encrypted using KMS-managed keys, ensuring that sensitive financial data is protected at rest. KMS logs all key usage in CloudTrail, creating a comprehensive audit trail for key access and decryption events. Only authorized principals can decrypt environment variables, maintaining data confidentiality and integrity. KMS also supports automated key rotation to reduce the risk of key compromise.
Lambda itself enforces role-based access controls to prevent unauthorized modifications to function code. Combining Lambda with Config and KMS ensures multi-layered protection. Config continuously monitors compliance, KMS enforces encryption, and Lambda roles control code access. Automated remediation workflows can be implemented using EventBridge or Systems Manager to correct noncompliant functions automatically, such as re-encrypting environment variables or disabling functions.
Amazon S3 and Athena provide storage and analytics capabilities, but do not enforce encryption on Lambda environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, or proactively audit compliance.
CloudFront with WAF secures web applications and accelerates content delivery, but does not manage Lambda security, enforce encryption, or prevent unauthorized code changes.
QuickSight, combined with CloudTrail, allows auditing and visualization of activities. CloudTrail logs API activity, and QuickSight provides dashboards. While useful for retrospective auditing, this combination does not enforce security policies or prevent unauthorized modifications.
By combining AWS Config, Lambda, and KMS, organizations ensure that sensitive financial transactions are encrypted, code integrity is maintained, and a complete compliance trail exists. This integrated approach provides continuous monitoring, automated enforcement, and operational visibility, ensuring security and regulatory compliance. The multi-layered solution reduces risk, enhances operational governance, and automates enforcement of organizational security policies, making it the correct answer.
Question 130
A company wants to monitor multiple Amazon ECS services running on Fargate and automatically scale tasks based on CPU and memory utilization. Which combination of AWS services provides this functionality?
A) CloudWatch metrics + ECS Service Auto Scaling
B) AWS Config + Lambda
C) Amazon S3 + Athena
D) AWS Backup + SNS
Answer: A) CloudWatch metrics + ECS Service Auto Scaling
Explanation:
Amazon CloudWatch provides a comprehensive monitoring solution for ECS Fargate tasks and services. It collects metrics such as CPU utilization, memory usage, running task counts, and service health status. Monitoring these metrics is essential to ensure applications perform optimally and avoid resource exhaustion. CloudWatch allows teams to configure alarms on these metrics so that notifications or automated actions are triggered when thresholds are exceeded. For instance, if CPU utilization remains above 80% for a sustained period, an alarm can indicate that additional tasks are required to maintain performance. CloudWatch dashboards enable visualization of trends over time, helping operations teams understand resource consumption patterns and forecast capacity needs.
ECS Service Auto Scaling integrates with CloudWatch metrics to adjust the number of running tasks automatically. Auto Scaling policies define conditions for scaling out or scaling in based on observed CPU and memory metrics. When resource utilization exceeds defined thresholds, new tasks are launched automatically to maintain application responsiveness. Conversely, when utilization decreases, Auto Scaling reduces the number of running tasks, optimizing operational costs. This combination eliminates the need for manual intervention, ensuring continuous performance management and cost efficiency.
AWS Config with Lambda focuses on configuration compliance and remediation. While it can detect changes in ECS resource settings or configurations and trigger Lambda for remediation, it does not provide real-time monitoring of resource utilization or automatic scaling based on CPU or memory metrics. Therefore, it cannot meet the requirement for dynamic, usage-based scaling of ECS services.
Amazon S3 with Athena allows storing logs and analyzing data using queries. Although ECS logs could be stored in S3 and queried with Athena, this approach is not real-time and cannot trigger alerts or scale services automatically based on resource utilization. It is suitable for retrospective analysis rather than proactive operational management.
AWS Backup, combined with SN, provides data protection and notification capabilities. Backup ensures the recoverability of resources, and SNS can send notifications related to backup status. These services do not provide monitoring of ECS metrics, alerting for high CPU or memory usage, or automated scaling of containerized services.
By combining CloudWatch metrics with ECS Service Auto Scaling, organizations gain an automated, fully managed solution for monitoring and scaling container workloads. CloudWatch provides visibility and triggers alerts for high resource utilization, while Auto Scaling ensures that task counts are adjusted dynamically to meet workload demands. This combination maintains application performance, improves operational efficiency, and reduces cost, making it the correct solution for automated ECS workload management.
Question 131
A global web application requires routing users to the AWS region with the lowest latency, automatic failover if a region becomes unhealthy, and real-time monitoring of endpoint performance. Which AWS service combination meets these requirements?
A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
B) CloudFront + S3
C) Direct Connect + VPC Peering
D) Lambda + DynamoDB
Answer: A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
Explanation:
Amazon Route 53 provides latency-based routing, directing users to the AWS region that offers the lowest network latency for their location. Multiple endpoints across different regions can be configured, and Route 53 evaluates the source of each request to select the optimal endpoint. This ensures global users experience minimal latency and improved application performance. Latency-based routing automatically adapts to network conditions and user locations, improving the user experience for applications with geographically distributed users.
Health checks integrated with Route 53 continuously monitor the availability and responsiveness of each endpoint. If an endpoint fails or experiences degraded performance, Route 53 automatically reroutes traffic to a healthy region. This failover capability ensures high availability and business continuity without manual intervention. Health checks can monitor HTTP/S response codes, TCP ports, or custom application-level indicators, providing granular control over failover conditions.
CloudWatch complements Route 53 by providing real-time monitoring of endpoints and operational metrics. Metrics such as latency, error rates, request counts, and throughput are collected and visualized on dashboards. CloudWatch alarms notify operations teams when endpoints become unhealthy or exhibit anomalous performance. EventBridge can automate remediation workflows, such as scaling resources, triggering notifications, or executing operational scripts. CloudWatch also enables historical analysis of endpoint performance, helping teams identify trends and proactively optimize the application.
CloudFront with S3 accelerates content delivery for static assets but does not provide DNS-based latency routing or automatic failover for globally distributed endpoints. While CloudFront improves response times for static content, it cannot dynamically route API traffic or monitor endpoint health.
Direct Connect with VPC Peering enhances private connectivity between on-premises networks and VPCs, or between VPCs, but does not provide global traffic routing, latency optimization, or failover.
Lambda and DynamoDB provide serverless compute and storage capabilities but do not perform global traffic routing, endpoint health monitoring, or latency-based failover.
The combination of Route 53 latency-based routing, health checks, and CloudWatch ensures global users are routed to the fastest healthy endpoint, endpoints are continuously monitored, and operational teams receive real-time alerts and actionable insights. This integrated solution optimizes application performance, availability, and observability, making it the correct solution for global web applications.
Question 132
A company processes sensitive financial transactions using AWS Lambda. They want to enforce encryption of environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, and maintain a fully auditable compliance trail. Which AWS service combination is appropriate?
A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
B) Amazon S3 + Athena
C) CloudFront + WAF
D) QuickSight + CloudTrail
Answer: A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
Explanation:
AWS Config provides continuous monitoring and assessment of AWS resources against predefined rules. For Lambda functions handling sensitive financial data, Config can enforce rules that require all environment variables to be encrypted using AWS Key Management Service (KMS). If a Lambda function is noncompliant, Config flags it and logs detailed information about the violation, creating a full audit trail. Continuous compliance evaluation ensures that organizational policies and regulatory requirements are met. Config also maintains historical configuration records, allowing retrospective analysis and verification of compliance over time.
AWS Key Management Service (KMS) provides centralized key creation and management for encryption. Lambda environment variables can be encrypted using KMS-managed keys to ensure sensitive data is protected at rest. KMS logs all key usage, including decryption and administrative actions, in CloudTrail. This audit trail allows organizations to verify access to sensitive information and track all operations involving encryption keys. Only authorized principals can decrypt the variables, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. KMS also supports key rotation to reduce the risk of key compromise.
Lambda itself provides role-based access controls to prevent unauthorized code changes. By combining Lambda with Config and KMS, organizations establish a multi-layered security strategy. Config continuously evaluates compliance, KMS enforces encryption, and Lambda roles restrict code modifications. EventBridge or Systems Manager can implement automated remediation workflows to enforce compliance, such as re-encrypting environment variables or disabling noncompliant functions.
Amazon S3 and Athena provide storage and querying capabilities but do not enforce encryption on Lambda environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, or provide proactive compliance monitoring.
CloudFront with WAF secures web applications and optimizes content delivery, but does not enforce Lambda environment variable encryption, prevent unauthorized code changes, or maintain a compliance trail.
QuickSight with CloudTrail allows auditing and visualization of activity, but does not enforce security policies or prevent unauthorized code changes. It is useful for retrospective analysis, but does not provide proactive compliance enforcement.
By combining AWS Config, Lambda, and KMS, organizations ensure sensitive financial transactions are protected, code integrity is maintained, and a complete audit trail is preserved. This integrated approach provides continuous compliance monitoring, automated enforcement of security policies, and operational visibility. The multi-layered solution reduces risk, enhances governance, and ensures regulatory compliance, making it the correct solution.
Question 133
A company runs containerized applications on Amazon ECS with Fargate. They want to automatically detect when tasks exceed CPU or memory limits, trigger alerts, and scale the service dynamically. Which combination of AWS services should they implement?
A) CloudWatch metrics + ECS Service Auto Scaling
B) AWS Config + Lambda
C) Amazon S3 + Athena
D) AWS Backup + SNS
Answer: A) CloudWatch metrics + ECS Service Auto Scaling
Explanation:
Amazon CloudWatch provides a comprehensive monitoring solution for ECS Fargate tasks and services. It collects metrics such as CPU and memory utilization, task counts, and service health indicators. Monitoring these metrics is critical to ensuring application performance and preventing resource bottlenecks. CloudWatch allows alarms to be configured on these metrics so that notifications or automated actions are triggered when thresholds are breached. For example, a sustained CPU utilization above 80% triggers an alarm to notify operations teams that additional resources are required. CloudWatch dashboards allow visualization of trends over time, which helps operations teams understand resource usage patterns and predict scaling needs.
ECS Service Auto Scaling integrates with CloudWatch to dynamically adjust the number of running tasks based on observed metrics. Auto Scaling policies define thresholds for scaling out (adding tasks) and scaling in (removing tasks). When CPU or memory utilization exceeds the threshold, Auto Scaling launches additional tasks to maintain application performance. During periods of low utilization, tasks are scaled in to reduce operational costs. This approach ensures high availability and responsiveness without manual intervention, while optimizing infrastructure costs.
AWS Config and Lambda primarily focus on configuration compliance and remediation. Config can detect resource misconfigurations, and Lambda can remediate them automatically. However, this combination does not monitor real-time resource utilization or provide automatic scaling based on CPU or memory metrics, making it unsuitable for the requirement of dynamic ECS scaling.
Amazon S3 with Athena allows storage and querying of data. While ECS logs could be stored in S3 and queried with Athena, this does not provide real-time alerts or automatic scaling. It is better suited for post-facto analysis rather than proactive operational management.
AWS Backup with SNS is designed for resource backup and notification purposes. While SNS can notify users about backup statuses and AWS Backup ensures recoverability of resources, these services do not monitor CPU or memory utilization, trigger scaling actions, or manage ECS tasks dynamically.
By combining CloudWatch metrics with ECS Service Auto Scaling, organizations achieve an automated and fully managed solution for monitoring and scaling container workloads. CloudWatch ensures visibility into task performance, triggers alerts for high utilization, and provides insights into usage patterns. ECS Service Auto Scaling responds automatically to these metrics to maintain application performance and optimize costs. This integration provides operational efficiency, reliability, and scalability, making it the correct solution.
Question 134
A global web application needs to route users to the AWS region with the lowest latency, automatically fail over if a region becomes unhealthy, and monitor endpoint performance in real time. Which AWS service combination meets these requirements?
A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
B) CloudFront + S3
C) Direct Connect + VPC Peering
D) Lambda + DynamoDB
Answer: A) Route 53 latency-based routing + health checks + CloudWatch
Explanation:
Amazon Route 53 provides latency-based routing, which directs users to the AWS region with the lowest network latency from their location. Multiple endpoints across regions can be configured, and Route 53 evaluates the source of each request to determine the optimal endpoint. This ensures minimal latency and improved performance for global users. Latency-based routing automatically adapts to network conditions and geographic user distribution, improving application responsiveness and the overall user experience.
Health checks in Route 53 monitor the availability and responsiveness of endpoints continuously. If an endpoint fails or becomes degraded, Route 53 automatically routes traffic to a healthy endpoint, ensuring high availability and fault tolerance. Health checks can monitor HTTP/S responses, TCP ports, or application-specific response codes. This automated failover mechanism eliminates manual intervention, allowing a seamless user experience even during regional outages.
CloudWatch complements Route 53 by providing real-time monitoring of metrics related to endpoints and applications. Metrics such as latency, request counts, error rates, and throughput are collected and displayed in dashboards. CloudWatch alarms notify operations teams when endpoints become unhealthy or exhibit unusual behavior. Integration with EventBridge enables automated workflows, such as scaling resources, triggering remediation scripts, or sending notifications. Historical CloudWatch data allows trend analysis and proactive operational improvements.
CloudFront, combined with S3,3, accelerates static content delivery via edge caching but does not provide DNS-based latency routing or automatic failover. While CloudFront improves performance for static assets, it cannot dynamically route API or dynamic traffic based on latency or health checks.
Direct Connect with VPC Peering enhances private connectivity between on-premises networks and VPCs or between VPCs, but it does not provide global user traffic routing, latency optimization, or automated failover for web applications.
Lambda with DynamoDB enables serverless compute and storage capabilities but does not offer latency-based routing, failover, or performance monitoring for globally distributed endpoints.
By combining Route 53 latency-based routing, health checks, and CloudWatch, organizations achieve optimized global routing, high availability, and operational visibility. Users are directed to the fastest healthy endpoint, endpoints are continuously monitored, and operations teams receive real-time alerts. This fully managed approach ensures performance, availability, and observability, making it the correct solution.
Question 135
A company processes sensitive financial transactions using AWS Lambda functions. They want to enforce encryption of environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, and maintain a fully auditable compliance trail. Which AWS service combination should they use?
A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
B) Amazon S3 + Athena
C) CloudFront + WAF
D) QuickSight + CloudTrail
Answer: A) AWS Config + Lambda + KMS
Explanation:
AWS Config provides continuous monitoring and assessment of AWS resources against predefined compliance rules. For Lambda functions handling sensitive financial transactions, Config can enforce that environment variables are encrypted using AWS Key Management Service (KMS). Noncompliant functions are flagged and logged, generating a comprehensive audit trail. This ensures that security policies and regulatory requirements are enforced continuously. Config also retains historical configuration records, allowing retrospective auditing and verification of compliance over time.
AWS Key Management Service (KMS) provides centralized creation and management of encryption keys. Lambda environment variables can be encrypted using KMS-managed keys to ensure sensitive data is protected at rest. KMS logs all key usage in CloudTrail, creating an auditable record of decryption events and key access. Only authorized principals can decrypt sensitive environment variables, ensuring confidentiality and integrity. KMS also supports automated key rotation, reducing the risk of key compromise and improving overall security posture.
Lambda itself enforces role-based access control to prevent unauthorized code modifications. By combining Lambda with Config and KMS, organizations establish a multi-layered security strategy. Config continuously evaluates compliance, KMS enforces encryption, and Lambda roles restrict access to code. Automated remediation can be implemented using EventBridge or Systems Manager to correct noncompliant functions, such as re-encrypting variables or disabling unauthorized changes.
Amazon S3 and Athena provide storage and querying capabilities, but do not enforce encryption of Lambda environment variables, prevent unauthorized code changes, or provide continuous compliance monitoring.
CloudFront with WAF secures web applications and accelerates content delivery, but does not enforce Lambda encryption, control code access, or maintain a compliance trail.
QuickSight with CloudTrail allows visualization and auditing of activity, but does not proactively enforce security policies or prevent code changes. It is primarily useful for retrospective analysis rather than active compliance enforcement.
Combining AWS Config, Lambda, and KMS ensures sensitive financial transactions are encrypted, code integrity is maintained, and a complete audit trail exists. This integrated solution provides continuous monitoring, automated enforcement of security policies, and operational visibility. The multi-layered approach reduces risk, strengthens governance, and ensures compliance with regulatory requirements, making it the correct solution.